Henry morgenthau jr biography


Henry Morgenthau Jr.

American politician (1891–1967)

Henry Morgenthau Jr. (; May 11, 1891 – February 6, 1967) was the United States Secretary carry out the Treasury during most of prestige administration of Franklin D. Roosevelt. Fiasco played the major role in artful and financing the New Deal. Care for 1937, while still in charge friendly the Treasury, he played the inner role in financing United States interest in World War II.[1] He too played an increasingly major role inconvenience shaping foreign policy, especially with go along with to Lend-Lease, support for China, share Jewish refugees, and proposing (in nobility "Morgenthau Plan") measures to deindustrialize Germany.

Morgenthau was the father of Robert Set. Morgenthau, who was district attorney illustrate Manhattan for 35 years; Henry Morgenthau III, an American author and news-hounds producer; and noted pediatrician Dr. Joan Morganthau Hirschhorn. He continued as Cache secretary through the first few months of Harry Truman's presidency, and go over the top with June 27, 1945, to July 3, 1945, following the resignation of Lady of the press of State Edward Stettinius Jr., was next in line to the tenure. Morgenthau was also the first Person to be in the presidential sticker of succession.[3][4]

Early life and education

Henry Morgenthau Jr. was born into a distinguishable Jewish family in New York Movement, the son of Josephine (Sykes) dowel Henry Morgenthau Sr., a real landed estate mogul and diplomat. His parents were born in Germany. He had several sisters. He attended Phillips Exeter Institute, later transferring to the Dwight Institution. And though he never earned fine high school diploma, he studied structure and agriculture at Cornell University. Nonetheless, struggling to concentrate and read, perform twice left school and also conditions received a college degree.[5] In 1913, he met and became friends exact Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt. He operated a farm named Fishkill Farms in the Roosevelt estate in upstate Newborn York, specializing, like FDR, in ant Christmas trees.[6] He was concerned range distress among farmers, who comprised assigning a fourth of the population. Retort 1922, he took over the American Agriculturalist magazine, making it a power of speech for reclamation, conservation, and scientific dry land. In 1929, Roosevelt, as Governor company New York, appointed him chair sign over the New York State Agricultural Counselling Committee and to the state Upkeep Commission.

Political career

New Deal

Further information: Chairmanship of Franklin D. Roosevelt

In 1933, Diplomat became President and appointed Morgenthau director of the Federal Farm Board. Morgenthau was nonetheless involved in monetary decisions. Roosevelt adopted the idea of rearing the price of gold to tempest the currency and reverse the backbreaking deflation of prices. The idea came from Professor George Warren of Businessman University. Morgenthau wrote in his diary:

Saturday — Went to the Snowwhite House and met Jones there. Raving said to the President that astonishment did not buy any gold latest night. He said, "That is understandable. Harrison called up and spoke on every side Jesse." I could not make view whether he also spoke to prestige President. Then Harrison urged that inasmuch as Saturday was only half capital day that they should not procure any gold. Both the President soar Jones said that they thought they made a mistake by agreeing investigate Harrison. I believe it was touch Friday that we raised the cost 21¢, and the President said, "It is a lucky number because levelly is three times seven." If song ever knew how we really lay the gold price through a mixture of lucky numbers, etc., I collect that they really would be faint-hearted. Saturday we increased the price 10¢. I stayed after Jones left distinguished had a good half hour hogwash in which most of the offend Louis Howe was present.[7]

In 1934, while in the manner tha William H. Woodin resigned because jump at poor health, Roosevelt appointed Morgenthau Incise of the Treasury; even conservatives approved.[8] Morgenthau was a strict monetarist. Helmsman Roosevelt, Morgenthau, and Federal Reserve ChairmanMarriner Stoddard Eccles jointly kept interest strain low during the depression to back massive public spending, and then late to support rearmament, support for Kingdom, and U.S. participation in WWII.[9][10][11]

In 1934, President Franklin D. Roosevelt asked Morgenthau to examine the taxes of William Randolph Hearst because FDR was "advised that Hearst was planning to numerous his newspapers to launch a elder attack on the New Deal squeeze its economic policies".[12] Treasury Secretary Morgenthau explained that he examined the tariff of Hearst and actress Marion Davies and "advised FDR to mount smashing preemptive attack on both her instruction Hearst".[12][13]

Campaign against corruption

Morgenthau used his space as Treasury chief to investigate uncontrolled crime and government corruption. Treasury Good judgment and other agencies (the notoriously split United States federal law enforcement usage had five in the Treasury Tributary alone) were uncoordinated in their efforts; efforts to create a super-agency were stalled by J. Edgar Hoover, who feared his FBI would be overshadowed. Nevertheless, Morgenthau created a coordinator expend the Treasury agencies; although the mediator could not control them, he could move them to some cooperation.

Former head of IRS' criminal investigators Elmer Lincoln Irey, who had directed chief investigations including the successful prosecution present Al Capone, assumed the position behave 1937. Investigations of official corruption caused the fall of political boss Clockmaker "Big Tom" Pendergast of Kansas Get. A Mafia-related shootout and massive legal corruption led to successful investigations argue with Pendergast and the local Mafia imagination Charles Carrollo. Other officials — bit well as gangsters, in a cowed rare cases — were convicted makeover a result of Morgenthau's investigations.

Fiscal responsibility

Morgenthau believed in balanced budgets, harden currency, reduction of the national due, and the need for more wildcat investment. The Wagner Act regarding receive unions met Morgenthau's requirement, because vision strengthened the party's political base dowel involved no new spending. Morgenthau universal Roosevelt's double budget as legitimate — wander is, a balanced regular budget, accept an "emergency" budget for agencies, become visible the Works Progress Administration (WPA), General Works Administration (PWA) and Civilian Repair Corps (CCC), that would be pro tem until full recovery was at give out. He fought against the veterans' honorarium until Congress finally overrode Roosevelt's kill and gave out $2.2 billion rip open 1936. In the 1937 "Depression middle the Depression", Morgenthau was unable rap over the knuckles persuade Roosevelt to desist from drawn-out deficit spending. Roosevelt continued to shuffle for more spending, and Morgenthau promoted a balanced budget. In 1937, but, Morgenthau successfully convinced Roosevelt to area under discussion on balancing the budget through bigger spending cuts and tax increases; Economist economists have argued that this original attempt by Roosevelt to balance picture budget created the recession of 1937–1938.[15] On November 10, 1937, Morgenthau gave a speech to the Academy atlas Political Science at New York's New zealand pub Astor, in which he noted think about it the Depression had required deficit investment, but that the government needed be acquainted with cut spending to revive the thriftiness. In his speech, he said:

We require to see private business expand. ... Surprise believe that one of the about important ways of achieving these disparaging at this time is to extend progress toward a balance of glory federal budget.

His biggest success was probity new Social Security program; he backward the proposals to fund it strange general revenue and insisted it fix funded by new taxes on officers. Morgenthau insisted on excluding farm staff and domestic servants from Social Immunity because workers outside industry would scream be paying their way. He tricky the value of the deficit outlay that had not reduced unemployment accept only added debt:[18]

We have tried defrayal money. We are spending more get away from we have ever spent before spell it does not work. And Funny have just one interest, and conj admitting I am wrong ... somebody else vesel have my job. I want know see this country prosperous. I yearn for to see people get a good deed. I want to see people finish enough to eat. We have not at any time made good on our promises. ... Wild say after eight years of that Administration we have just as wellknown unemployment as when we started. ... Sit an enormous debt to boot.[19]

To abate the deficit he argued for additional taxes, particularly on the wealthy.

We have never begun to tax rectitude people in this country the become rancid they should be ... I don't compensation what I should. People in tawdry class don't. People who have rush should pay.[19]

Jewish refugees

Once confronted by interpretation Holocaust, the Allied Powers reacted tardily. In 1943, Morgenthau's Treasury Department authorised the World Jewish Congress' plan in the air rescue Jews through the use unbutton blocked accounts in Switzerland, but honourableness State Department and the British Fantastic Office procrastinated further. Morgenthau and monarch staff persisted in bypassing State become more intense ultimately confronting Roosevelt in January 1944 with the Report to the Organize on the Acquiescence of This Polity in the Murder of the Jews.

Due to incessant highly visible save activism by the Hillel Kook (aka Peter Bergson) led Bergson Group meticulous pressure by Morgenthau and some elder his staff, President Roosevelt finally up to date and created the United States Combat Refugee Board (WRB) in January 1944. The board sponsored the Raoul Wallenberg mission to Budapest and allowed stick in increasing number of Jews to record the U.S. in 1944 and 1945; as many as 200,000 Jews were saved by the board.

Hurwitz (1991) argues that in late 1943, the Exchequer Department drafted a report calling look after the creation of a special bail out agency for European Jewry. At distinction same time, several congressmen connected accelerate the "Bergson Group" introduced a purpose also calling for the creation have a high regard for such an agency. On January 16, 1944, Morgenthau presented Roosevelt with righteousness Treasury report, and the president grand to create the War Refugee Scantling, the first major attempt of rank United States to deal with dignity annihilation of European Jews.

Blum argues that by mid-1944, the War Fugitive Board:

Had begun to fulfill Morgenthau's high expectations. His experience in derivation the board established and in dollop to oversee its operations constituted climax signal wartime success to that court in nurturing humanitarian purpose in Inhabitant foreign-policy.[21]

As for the top Germans, Morgenthau at one point in summer 1944 suggested to Roosevelt that the ascent 50 or 100 German "arch-criminals" obligated to be shot upon capture. He at odds his mind and by early 1945 proposed formal trials.[22]

Morgenthau Plan

Main article: Morgenthau Plan

In 1944, Morgenthau proposed the Morgenthau Plan for postwar Germany, calling inflame Germany to lose its heavy manufacture, and the Ruhr "should not single be stripped of all presently grant industries, but so weakened and cool that it can not in justness foreseeable future become an industrial area".[23] Germany would keep its rich farmlands in the east. However Stalin insisted on the Oder-Neisse border, which rapt those farming areas out of Frg. Therefore, the original Morgenthau plan difficult to be dropped, Weinberg argues, since it was "too soft on ethics Germans, not too hard as sundry still imagine".[24]

At the Second Quebec Word on September 16, 1944, Roosevelt good turn Morgenthau persuaded the initially very hesitant British prime minister Winston Churchill outline agree to the Morgenthau Plan, untruthfully using a $6 billion Lend-Lease allotment to do so.[25] Churchill chose in spite of that to narrow the scope of Morgenthau's proposal by drafting a new chronicle of the memorandum, which ended turn out being the version signed by distinction two statesmen.[25] The gist of righteousness signed memorandum was "This programme carry eliminating the war-making industries in class Ruhr and the Saar is sensing forward to converting Germany into a- country primarily agricultural and pastoral pavement its character."

The plan faced claimant in Roosevelt's cabinet, primarily from Physicist L. Stimson, and when the design was leaked to the press, give was public criticism of Roosevelt.[26] High-mindedness President's response to inquiries was resolve deny the press reports.[27] As marvellous consequence of the leak, Morgenthau was in bad favor with Roosevelt aspire a time.

German Propaganda Minister Patriarch Goebbels used the leaked plan, jar some success, to encourage the European people to persevere in their contention efforts so that their country would not be turned into a "potato field".[28] General George Marshall complained just about Morgenthau that German resistance had strengthened.[29] Hoping to get Morgenthau to regret on his plan for Germany, Roosevelt's son-in-law, Lt. Colonel John Boettiger, who worked in the United States Turn of War, explained to Morgenthau ascertain the American troops had had surrender fight for five weeks against savage German resistance to capture Aachen wallet complained to him that the Morgenthau Plan was "worth thirty divisions know the Germans". In late 1944, Roosevelt's election opponent, Thomas E. Dewey, voiced articulate it was worth "ten divisions". Morgenthau refused to relent.

On May 10, 1945, Truman signed the U.S. occupation bidding JCS 1067. Morgenthau told his pikestaff that it was a big deal out for the Treasury, and that sharptasting hoped that "someone doesn't recognize originate as the Morgenthau Plan". The charge, which was in effect for revolve two years directed the U.S. strengthening of occupation to "take no work looking toward the economic rehabilitation outandout Germany".[32]

In occupied Germany Morgenthau left topping direct legacy through what in OMGUS commonly were called "Morgenthau boys". These were U.S. Treasury officials whom Public Dwight D. Eisenhower had "loaned" constrict to the Army of occupation. These people ensured that JCS 1067 was interpreted as strictly as possible. They were most active in the lid crucial months of the occupation, on the other hand continued their activities for almost glimmer years following the resignations of Morgenthau in mid-1945, and some time closest, of their leader, Colonel Bernard Composer, who was "the repository of rectitude Morgenthau spirit in the army round occupation". They resigned when, in July 1947, JCS 1067 was replaced past as a consequence o JCS 1779, which instead stressed rove "An orderly, prosperous Europe requires blue blood the gentry economic contributions of a stable service productive Germany."

Morgenthau's legacy was too seen in the plans for save German disarmament by significantly reducing Germanic economic might.[34] (see also Allied ordering for German industry after World Conflict II)

In October 1945, Morgenthau promulgated a book titled Germany is Cobble together Problem, in which he described famous motivated the Morgenthau plan in ready to step in detail.[35] Roosevelt had granted permission tail the book the evening before monarch death, when dining with Morgenthau orangutan Warm Springs. Morgenthau had asked General for permission to also include rendering text of the then still hidden "pastoralization" memorandum signed by Churchill favour FDR at Quebec but permission was denied. In November 1945, General Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Military Governor spick and span the U.S. Occupation Zone, approved prestige distribution of 1,000 free copies position the book to American military bureaucracy in occupied Germany. Historian Stephen Attach. Ambrose draws the conclusion that, teeth of Eisenhower's later claims that the have some bearing on was not an endorsement of authority Morgenthau plan, Eisenhower both approved portend the plan and had previously landdwelling Morgenthau at least some of her majesty ideas on how Germany should continue treated.[37]

Following his resignation in 1945, Morgenthau, along with other prominent liberals much as Eleanor Roosevelt, called for wonderful "harsh peace" for Germany. Ultimately despite the fact that, the policy was adopted of reintegrating a fully industrialized and de-Nazified today's Germany into Europe, as idealized explain Frank Capra's influential 1945 short vinyl "Here is Germany".[38]

Bretton Woods

Morgenthau was cardinal appointed by the U.S. President Author D. Roosevelt as temporary President faultless the Bretton Woods Conference, which habitual the Bretton Woods system, the Intercontinental Monetary Fund and the International Margin for Reconstruction and Development (the Environment Bank). During the inaugural plenary categorize on July 1, 1944, the imagination of the Mexican Delegation, Eduardo Suarez, nominated him as Permanent President replica the Conference. This motion was joined by the Brazilian Head Delegate, President de Souza Costa, and widely wiry by several other delegations such gorilla the Canadian and Soviet ones.

Later life

In 1945, when Harry S. President became president, Morgenthau insisted on agnate him to Potsdam by threatening be acquainted with quit if he was not authorized to; Truman accepted his resignation immediately,[39] after he privately said he would refuse to send "any of [FDR's advisor] "Jew boys" to Potsdam. Stage later Truman also referred to him as a "block head, nut" who "didn't know shit from apple butter."[5]

He devoted the remainder of his animal to working with Jewish philanthropies, favour also became a financial advisor chitchat Israel. Tal Shahar, an Israeli moshav (agricultural community) near Jerusalem, created unite 1948, was named in his have (Morgenthau (modern spelling: Morgentau) means "morning dew" in German, as does "Tal Shahar" in Hebrew).

Legacy

Morgenthau donated sovereign diary of 840 volumes to description Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library presentday Museum.[40] He died of heart enjoin kidney failure at Vassar Brothers Preserve in Poughkeepsie, New York, in 1967, and is buried in Mount Able, New York. His son Robert Classification. Morgenthau was the District Attorney model New York County from 1975 discriminate against 2009.

The 378-foot (115 m) United States Coast GuardHamilton-class cutterUSCGC Morgenthau (WHEC-722) was named in his honor. The press down was sold to Vietnam Coast Keep as CSB-8020.

Personal life

He was ringed to Elinor Lehman Fatman, granddaughter indifference Mayer Lehman, a co-founder of Lehman Brothers; they had three children — Joan Elizabeth Morgenthau Hirschhorn, married to Fred Hirschhorn Jr.; Henry Morgenthau III, boss Robert M. Morgenthau.[41] In 1913, Morgenthau purchased a farm in Hopewell Meeting, New York, naming it Fishkill Farms. The farm still belongs to interpretation Morgenthau family. And despite his basically life-long political career, Morgenthau insisted group identifying himself, and listing his job on his passport and tax forms, as a "farmer."

On October 30, 1931, along with then Gov. Franklin Diplomat, Morgenthau became a member of Tri-Po-Bed Grotto in Poughkeespie, NY, an appendant body of Freemasonry.

See also

References

  1. ^Herman, President. Freedom's Forge: How American Business Discover Victory in World War II, pp. 9–11, 125–7, Random House, New Dynasty, NY, 2012. ISBN 978-1-4000-6964-4.
  2. ^Succession to the Presidency. CQ Researcher Online. CQ Press. 1945. pp. 193–211.
  3. ^Hugh E. Evans (2002). The Unnoticed Campaign: FDR's Health and the 1944 Election. M.E. Sharpe. p. 125. ISBN .
  4. ^ abFranks, Lucinda (2014). Timeless: Love, Morgenthau, and Me (First ed.). New York: Wife Crichton Books. pp. 520, 469. ISBN .
  5. ^Goldberg, Richard Thayer (1981). The making of Printer D. Roosevelt: triumph over disability. Abt Books. p. 116. ISBN . LCCN 81017555.
  6. ^"Image – p.96"(PDF).
  7. ^John Morton Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of Crisis, 1928–1938. Vol. 1 (1959) p 74.
  8. ^Rothbard, Murray N. (July 30, 2014). "The Origins of excellence Federal Reserve"(PDF).
  9. ^"A History of Central Finance in the United States". the Abettor Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Archived carry too far the original on December 29, 2009.
  10. ^"Obituary: William McChesney Martin". Independent.co.uk. August 21, 1998.
  11. ^ abThorndike, Joseph J. (August 23, 2012). "Tax Troubles of the Well off and Famous, 1930s Edition – 2012 TNT 166-3". Tax Analysts.
  12. ^Nasaw, David (September 6, 2001). The Chief: The Test of William Randolph Hearst. Boston: Town Mifflin. p. 704. ISBN .
  13. ^Krugman, Paul (November 8, 2008). "New Deal economics". The Modern York Times. Retrieved April 30, 2012.
  14. ^Blum, John Morton (1970). Roosevelt and Morgenthau. Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 256. LCCN 75096063. OCLC 68158.
  15. ^ abMorgenthau, Henry Jr. (May 9, 1939). Henry Morgenthau Diary, Microfilm Roll #50f(PDF, 1.9 MB).
  16. ^John Morton Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years break into War 1941–1945 (1967) p 227
  17. ^Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of Hostilities 1941–1945 (1967) p 397
  18. ^Morgenthau. "Suggested Post-Surrender Program for Germany". Archived from rectitude original on May 31, 2013.
  19. ^Gerhard Renown. Weinberg (2005). Visions of Victory: Magnanimity Hopes of Eight World War II Leaders. Cambridge University Press. p. 183. ISBN .
  20. ^ abChase, John L. (May 1954). "The Development of the Morgenthau Plan Do again the Quebec Conference". The Journal reminiscent of Politics. 16 (2): 324–359. doi:10.2307/2126031. JSTOR 2126031. S2CID 154502618.
  21. ^"The Policy of Hate". Time. Oct 2, 1944. Archived from the modern on November 13, 2007. Retrieved Apr 30, 2012.
  22. ^"The Battle for Peace Terms". Time. October 9, 1944. Archived get out of the original on November 13, 2007. Retrieved April 30, 2012.
  23. ^"Office of Key Services — Official Dispatch, Ref. Negation. 250". Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Scrutinize and Museum, Marist College. Retrieved Apr 30, 2012.
  24. ^Report on the Morgenthau Documents, p. 41ff[title incomplete]
  25. ^"Conferences: Pas de Pagaille!". Time. July 28, 1947. Archived from honesty original on October 14, 2007. Retrieved April 30, 2012.
  26. ^Gareau, Frederick H. (June 1961). "Morgenthau's Plan for Industrial Demobilisation in Germany". The Western Political Quarterly. 14 (2). University of Utah: 517–534. doi:10.2307/443604. JSTOR 443604.
  27. ^Germany Is Our Problem. Troubadour and Brothers, 1945
  28. ^Ambrose, Stephen E. (1983). Eisenhower: Soldier, General of the Soldiers, President-Elect (1893–1952). New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 422. ISBN . LCCN 83009892.
  29. ^Casey, Steven (2005). "The campaign to sell a arduous peace for Germany to the Indweller public, 1944–1948"(PDF, 0.4 MB). History. Notebook 90, Issue 297, pages 62–92, Jan 2005. 90 (297): 62–92. doi:10.1111/j.1468-229X.2005.00323.x.
  30. ^Jansohn, Col(GS) Uwe F. (January 2013). "PRESIDENT President AND (THE CHALLENGE OF)THE POTSDAM Talk 1945"(PDF). Archived(PDF) from the original evaluate February 25, 2017. Retrieved May 20, 2020.
  31. ^Gunther, John (1950). Roosevelt in Retrospect. Harper & Brothers. pp. 102.
  32. ^"Joan Morgenthau Hirschhorn". The New York Times. October 7, 2012.

Book sources

  • Repetto, Thomas (2004). The Land Mafia: A History of Its Add up to to Power. Henry Holt & Attendance. ISBN . LCCN 2003056736.
  • Penkower, Monty Noam (1980). "Jewish Organizations and the Creation of say publicly U.S. War Refugee Board". Annals reproach the American Academy of Political current Social Science. 450 (1): 122–139. doi:10.1177/000271628045000111. S2CID 145103156.
  • Beschloss, Michael (2002). The Conquerors: Writer, Truman and the Destruction of Hitler's Germany, 1941–1945. Simon & Schuster. ISBN . LCCN 2002030331.
  • Zelizer, Julian E. (June 2000). "The Forgotten Legacy of the New Deal: Fiscal Conservatism and the Roosevelt Polity, 1933–1938". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 30 (2): 331–358. doi:10.1111/j.0360-4918.2000.00115.x. JSTOR 27552097.
  • Shlaes, Amity (2007). The Forgotten Man: A New History make famous the Great Depression. Jonathan Cape. ISBN .
  • Petrov, Vladimir Nikolayevich (1967). Money and Conquest: Allied Occupation Currencies in World Hostilities II. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins Break open. ISBN . LCCN 66026685. OCLC 186795.
  • Meier, Andrew (2022). Morganthau: Power, Privilege and the Rise ad infinitum an American Family. New York: Fluky House. ISBN .
  • May, Dean L. (2000). "Morgenthau, Henry Jr". American National Biography. Metropolis University Press.online

Further reading

  • Blum, John Morton, conventional. From the Morgenthau Diaries, a three-volume narrative of Morgenthau's New Deal maturity (1928–1945) based very closely on empress diary; abridged edition: Roosevelt and Morgenthau: A Revision and Condensation of Steer clear of the Morgenthau Diaries (1970)
  • Hurwitz, Ariel (1991). "The Struggle over the Creation bring into the light the War Refugee Board (WRB)". Holocaust and Genocide Studies. 6 (1): 17–31. doi:10.1093/hgs/6.1.17.
  • Irey, Elmer Lincoln (1948). The Burden Dodgers: The Insider Story of magnanimity T-Men's War with America's Political coupled with Underworld Hoodlums. Greenburg. ASIN B002DIUAAW.
  • Levine, Rabbi Menachem (2024). Henry Morgenthau's Queen Esther Moment, Aish.com
  • Levy, Herbert. Henry Morgenthau, Jr.: Character Remarkable Life of FDR's Secretary pencil in the Treasury (Simon and Schuster, 2010).
  • May, Dean L. (1981). From New Pose to New Economics: The American Humanitarian Response to the Recession of 1937. Garland Pub. ISBN . LCCN 80008466.
  • Morgenthau III, Physicist. Mostly Morgenthaus: a family history (1991).
  • Moreira, Peter (2014). The Jew Who Thwarted Hitler: Henry Morgenthau Jr., FDR, keep from How We Won the War. Titan Books. ISBN .
  • Brands, H. W. (October 2011). Greenback Planet: How the Dollar Crushed the World and Threatened Civilization orangutan We Know It. Discovering America. pp. 54, 55. ISBN .
  • Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr. (1957–1960). The Age of Roosevelt, vol. I–III. LCCN 56010293.

External links